When temperatures rise: what really happens to ruminants? | Albitalia

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28 May 2026

When temperatures rise: what really happens to ruminants?

Ruminants are the animals most affected by this issue. The comfort temperature range for adult cattle is between 5 and 20°C; temperatures above 25°C lead to changes in feed intake and physiological functions.

Heat stress is the condition in which the animal is no longer able to dissipate heat effectively to maintain body temperature within the normal range. This condition is promoted not only by high temperatures but also by relative humidity. The combination of these two parameters is defined by the English acronym THI (Temperature and Humidity Index) and is an important indicator for determining the heat stress threshold. The THI threshold value for dairy cows is 72, while for beef cattle it is 78.

BICAR®Z: the key ally to support ruminants under heat stress

Under heat stress conditions, animals undergo physiological changes that compromise welfare, reproduction, and productive performance.

To dissipate heat, animals increase their respiratory rate, resulting in greater CO₂ loss and the onset of respiratory alkalosis. To compensate, they excrete more endogenous bicarbonate and fluids through urine and sweating, increasing the requirement for minerals such as sodium and potassium. In addition, heat reduces feed intake and rumination, lowering saliva production and increasing the risk of ruminal acidosis and laminitis.

Interest in BICAR®Z, produced by Solvay, arises from the need to provide two essential elements: bicarbonate and sodium.

Bicarbonate ion: a physiological buffer that helps maintain ruminal pH around 6.2.
Sodium ion: essential to compensate for sodium losses and maintain an adequate electrolyte balance.

BICAR®Z: dosage and clinical benefits

In field trials conducted and reported by Solvay, supplementation with BICAR®Z in dairy cows during critical stages of lactation and under heat stress conditions was associated with:

  • Greater stability of ruminal pH
  • Maintenance of dry matter intake
  • Increase in milk production of up to +4 kg/head/day
  • Reduction in metabolic and reproductive disorders

Solvay recommends 250–300 g/head/day, increasing up to 400 g/head/day under severe heat stress conditions.

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